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In the list of global challenges of the twenty-first century, which makes the nature of humanity, fires, floods and droughts are not the most terrible natural phenomena. A much greater threat is the problem of dehydration of vast territories. In Soviet times, for example, Lenin`s famous call of "All the land to the peasants!" implemented in Central Asia under the slogan "All the water dehkans!". Today it has become important for the southern regions of Russia and Central Asia.
According to authoritative scientists cross-border conflicts over water resources, affecting mainly the relations between India and China, has spread not only South-East Asia, but also draws into its orbit Central Asia, and on the Irtysh River strained relations between China, Russia and Kazakhstan.
It is no coincidence that at a forum in Ust-Kamenogorsk, where the issues of cross-border cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan, were raised concerns in the area of water protection. Kazakh leader Nursultan Nazarbayev offered Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to unfreeze buried during the reign of former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet draft transfer of Siberian river flows into the southern regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. "This problem can be very big required to provide drinking water to the entire Central Asian region", - said Kazakh President.
Russia`s President Dmitry Medvedev has supported the colleague, noting that Russia open to discuss various options for solving the problems of drought, including some old ideas that at some point have been hidden under the cloth. The Russian leader believes it necessary to develop joint approaches in the field of water protection in Central Asia, where there is shortage of water, and a number of Russian southern regions which have suffered this year from drought. In this respect Russia and Kazakhstan intend to increase joint projects.
Interested specialists point out that while working on the concept of the Water Strategy of Russia until 2020, developers have come to believe that the development of water resources must be considered and the longer term - until 2030 and possibly until 2050. In the foreseeable future water resources will become one of the major areas of Russian investment. To ensure stable supply of water in other states can be created even a special economic mechanism - water exchange, which will be an important contribution of Russia to global security. According to the forecasts of the World Bank, annual profit private organizations involved in water management, can achieve by 2020, one trillion dollars. In this sense, the draft transfer of Siberian river runoff could be of great interest to foreign and Russian businessmen, who will get their share of this market.
Camille Kanteev (right): The proposed diversion of part of runoff
Siberian rivers in Russia has a direct economic interest
"melioratories Penza region fully supports the initiative of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev on the transfer of part of the flow of Siberian rivers to the southern regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, where a deficit of water. The fact is that there will climb only scientifically sound portion of runoff. There was no damage to the main flow of Siberian rivers project does not ", - commented the director of" hydro "Camille Kanteev.
According to him, about the project, developed in the Soviet years, the newly recalled 2002. "Then, too, spoke about the urgency of the problem, but the initiators of the revival of the ideas raised in laughter. In fact, serious, scientifically-based criticism, there was not. Only one political hysterics. Criticized, mainly environmentalists and politicians. Although it was not about the diversion of Siberian rivers, and the use of 5-7 per cent of the huge run-off to give a new economic momentum southern regions of Russia and the countries of Central Asia. Scientific world, with rare exceptions, active participation in the criticism of the project is not accepted. His discredited ideologues of the policy, which took place in the 90-ies. They have destroyed the economy of Russia, including water-economic complex "- recalled the director.
And here recently about the relevance of issues recalled Kazakh leader Nursultan Nazarbayev. "Without water in the southern regions of Russia and Central Asia, there is no prospect for development. They simply wither. Implement the project in reality they make life itself. Eventually the water will be more expensive than oil. For other energy fuels, alternative resources are available, but for no water - stressed Kanteev - Russia in this regard has an enormous water potential, and can efficiently use their national wealth. The program of transferring part of the flow of Siberian rivers was developed in detail during the Soviet years, so the adjustment does not take much time. Although the program still does not really come, the very fact that it voices of high-level intergovernmental, and began to create the ideology of the need for its implementation, says a lot ".
In Kazakhstan project looking Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. They would be happy to invest money, and Russia will receive from the recoupment considerable dividends.
Kanteev convinced that if the issue of implementation of water resources will be positively resolved at the governmental level, taking into account co-financing in Central Asia and southern regions of Russia are interested in addressing shortages of fresh water, it will be possible to begin design and construction of large hydraulic structures.
"From an economic point of view is very important that the water is not just a commodity, but also a renewable resource. In this project, Russia has a direct economic interest. Witness statement of the Speaker of the State Duma, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the party "United Russia" Boris Gryzlov, who calls to export water "- draws attention Kanteev.
enthusiastic support from the Penza vodomelioratorov found and statement of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev about the need to restore the destroyed system of reclamation. At a forum in Ust-Kamenogorsk, the head of state said: "Unfortunately, the system of land reclamation, which was established during the Soviet period, degraded, was destroyed. We will need to recreate it now. " According to the President, if the dry period continues, Russia without reclamation simply not survive.
"We are pleased and encouraged by the fact that Dmitry Medvedev instructed the Russian government to develop an appropriate set of measures. Against the background of many years of squandering assets vodomeliorativnoy industries such statements Head of State are encouraging ", - said the head of reclamation companies Camille Kanteev.
The effects of drought
Help. The need to transfer part of the flow of Siberian rivers to irrigate the southern regions of Russia and Central Asia in the Russian Empire began to think at the end of XIX century. The project is transferring part of the flow of the Ob and Irtysh River in the Aral Sea basin first developed in 1868 by a graduate of the University of Kiev YG Demchenko (1842-1912). He, being a student of seventh class 1-y Kiev school, announced the initial version of the project in the book "The climate of Russia".
On a more professional level, the idea of nurturing a Russian geographer, academician Obruchev but in 1948 it rejected Stalin. The question raised again in the 1950`s, the Kazakh Academy Shafiq Chokin. At that time the problem has become urgent. Scientists project that the national economy of the southern republics of the Soviet Union was in need of large quantities of water. Towards a possible diversion schemes rivers attracted few sectoral institutions. In 1960, when it was the peak of an unprecedented drought, the conclusions of specialists confirmed. Water consumption for irrigation in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan has increased dramatically. CPSU Central Committee was initiated by the All-Union Conference in Moscow, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk.
In 1968, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee instructed the State Planning Committee, USSR Academy of Sciences and other institutions to develop a plan for redistribution of runoff rivers, and May 24, 1970 CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers adopted a decree 612 "On the prospects of land reclamation, regulation and redistribution of river runoff in the period 1971-1985. In 1971, at the initiative of the Kazakh Energy Research Institute, came into operation irrigation and watering Irtysh channel - Karaganda, who decided perennial problem for the water-central Kazakhstan. The final project of transferring part of the flow of Siberian rivers was approved in 1976 at the XXV Congress of the CPSU. Ensure project activities included in the "Basic directions of development of the Soviet economy in 1976 - 1980 years".
But in the perestroika years, largely because of the deepening financial crisis, the Soviet The Union was unable to finance the project. August 14, 1986 at a special meeting of the Soviet Politburo had decided to cease operations. A considerable contribution to the "funeral" of one of the largest engineering and construction projects XX century made a stormy debate in the Soviet press. The original idea divert (5-7 per cent of the total flow) was politically motivated and has acquired a more sinister meaning "the diversion of Siberian rivers".
In 2002, the idea of trying to revive the Mayor City of Moscow, Yuri Luzhkov, speaking in support of the project for the transfer of part of the flow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia. Again, there was a wave over the insolvency of such statements. And subjected to massive criticism by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who on Sept. 4, 2006 in Astana returned to the issue of the diversion of Siberian rivers to Central Asia. In September 2010, at a meeting in Ust-Kamenogorsk, he again raised the issue of concern by proposing to the Russian leader Dmitry Medvedev to return to Soviet-designed lift part of the flow of Siberian rivers to the southern regions of Russia and Kazakhstan.
It should be noted that the opponents of the project, mainly environmentalists recognize the danger of environmental disaster in Central Asia, considering it is almost inevitable because of water shortages and climate change on the planet, but fear the transfer of the disaster on Russian territory.
Their opponents cause more serious arguments in defense of the project. According to some experts, the removal of a meager share of runoff of Siberian rivers big threat to the ecology of the Siberian region is not represented, but the prospect of dehydration in Central Asia may find a serious reflection on issues of geopolitics.
According to the Kazakh professionals by 2020 is expected to decrease in the surface waters of Kazakhstan from 100 to 70 cubic meters. km. Given that the resources of the Amu Darya can become a stumbling block in the dispute over water resources between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, then Russia`s role in conflict processes are much higher. The project transferring part of the flow of Siberian rivers such as the time and will provide drinking water for millions of people that will significantly strengthen the geopolitical and economic position of Russia in Central Asian and Central Asian regions.
Currently, the water supply problem relevant to the whole world. If at the beginning of the century in countries experiencing water shortages, 40 per cent of the world`s population (2.5 billion people), by 2025 this figure will be around 5.5 billion - 65-70 percent. Experts estimate that water, along with hydrocarbons, can cause clashes between nations and peoples, and the water is already becoming a key strategic commodity.
